正文
2 添加线程 add thread
import threading显示线程的状态
threading.active_count() # 显示有多少个已经激活的线程6
threading.enumerate() # 显示已经激活的现场具体情况[<_MainThread(MainThread, started 5844)>,
<Thread(IOPub, started daemon 7116)>,
<Heartbeat(Heartbeat, started daemon 9816)>,
<ControlThread(Control, started daemon 4020)>,
<HistorySavingThread(IPythonHistorySavingThread, started 4124)>,
<ParentPollerWindows(Thread-4, started daemon 10940)>]
threading.current_thread() # 显示正在运行的线程<_MainThread(MainThread, started 5844)>
添加一个线程
def thread_job():
print("Thid is an added Thread, number is %s" % threading.current_thread())def main():
added_thread = threading.Thread(target=thread_job) # 添加一个线程: 目标 thread_job
added_thread.start() # 运行这个线程
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()Thid is an added Thread, number is <Thread(Thread-8, started 7464)>
3 join 功能
import threading
import timedef thread_job():
print("T1start\n")
for i in range(10):
time.sleep(0.1) # 每步暂停 0.1 秒
print("T1 finish\n")
def T2_job():
print('T2start\n')
print('T2 finish')
def main():
added_thread = threading.Thread(target=thread_job, name='T1')
thread2 = threading.Thread(target=T2_job, name='T2')
added_thread.start()
thread2.start()
added_thread.join() # 加入到主线程
thread2.join()
print('all done\n')
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()T1start
T2start
T2 finish
T1 finish
all done
当加入到主线程后,主线程中所有线程执行完毕后才会打印'all done\n'
4 Quene 功能
处理多线程中 target 函数没有返回值的情况
import threading
import time
from queue import Queue
def job(l, q):
for i in range(len(l)):
l[i] **= 2
q.put(l) # 将计算后的列表放到 q 中
def multithreading():
q = Queue()
threads = []
data = [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5], [4, 4, 4], [5, 5, 5]]
for i in range(4): # 创建 4 个线程
t = threading.Thread(target=job, args=(data[i], q)) # args 给 target 函数传递参数
t.start()
threads.append(t)
for thread in threads:
thread.join()
results = []
for _ in range(4):
results.append(q.get()) # 从队列中拿出数据, 加入到 results 列表中
print(results)
if __name__ == '__main__':
multithreading()[[1, 4, 9], [9, 16, 25], [16, 16, 16], [25, 25, 25]]
5 不一定有效率 GIL
- 在处理较简单的问题时, 由于切换线程需要耗费时间(GIL), 多线程不一定比单线程用时更短(每个时刻只能有一个线程在 CPU 工作)
- 为什么多线程有时候会比单线程耗时更短? 因为有些时候会边运算边读写数据. 解决方法: 多核运算
- 分别用常规方法和多线程方法计算 0-99999 求和的四倍 Python GIL 全局解释器锁详解(深度剖析)
import threading
from queue import Queue
import copy
import time
def job(l, q):
res = sum(l)
q.put(res)
def multithreading(l): # 多线程方法
q = Queue()
threads = []
for i in range(4):
t = threading.Thread(target=job, args=(copy.copy(l), q), name='T%i' % i)
t.start()
threads.append(t)
[t.join() for t in threads]
total = 0
for _ in range(4):
total += q.get()
print(total)
def normal(l): # 常规方法
total = sum(l) # 对序列求和
print(total)
if __name__ == '__main__':
l = list(range(1000_000))
s_t = time.time()
normal(l * 4)
print('normal:', time.time() - s_t)
s_t = time.time()
multithreading(l)
print('multithreading:', time.time() - s_t)1999998000000
normal: 0.1690812110900879
1999998000000
multithreading: 0.24041318893432617
6 锁 lock
一般只有在共享内存时才会用得到, 防止不同次运行程序时出现不同的情况
未添加锁的情况
import threading
def job1():
global A # A 是一个全局变量
for i in range(10):
A += 1
print('job1', A)
def job2():
global A # A 是一个全局变量
for i in range(10):
A += 10
print('job2', A)
if __name__ == '__main__':
A = 0
t1 = threading.Thread(target=job1)
t2 = threading.Thread(target=job2)
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()job1job2 11
job2 21
job2 31
job2 41
job2 51
job2 61
job2 71
job2 81
job2 91
job2 101
1
job1 102
job1 103
job1 104
job1 105
job1 106
job1 107
job1 108
job1 109
job1 110
上了锁的情况
只有 job1 运行完才会运行 job2
import threading
def job1():
global A, lock # 定义锁
lock.acquire() # 上锁
for i in range(10):
A += 1
print('job1', A)
lock.release() # 解锁
def job2():
global A, lock # A 是一个全局变量
lock.acquire() # 上锁
for i in range(10):
A += 10
print('job2', A)
lock.release() # 解锁
if __name__ == '__main__':
lock = threading.Lock()
A = 0
t1 = threading.Thread(target=job1)
t2 = threading.Thread(target=job2)
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()job1 1
job1 2
job1 3
job1 4
job1 5
job1 6
job1 7
job1 8
job1 9
job1 10
job2 20
job2 30
job2 40
job2 50
job2 60
job2 70
job2 80
job2 90
job2 100
job2 110